Except as noted, all images in Wonders of the Sea Volume Two: Marine Jewels of Southern California's Coast and Islands are
© Marc Shargel / LivingSeaimages.com

On the Cover: Large image: Spanish shawl nudibranch, Flabellina iodinea, near Cortes Banks. Small images, top to bottom: Nesting garibaldi, Hypsypops rubicundus, Catalina Island; Large pebble crab, Cycloxanthops novemdentatus, in sunburst anemone, Anthopleura sola, Santa Barbara Island; Kelp crab, Pugettia richii, Santa Cruz Island; Blood star, Henricia leviuscula, in purple hydrocoral, Stylaster californicus, Santa Barbara Island
Back Cover: Garibaldi, Hypsypops rubicundus, San Clemente Island
Marc Shargel in 2001, diving at Santa Barbara Island, © Dave Burroughs
Back flap: Marc Shargel preparing for a dive on the Mendocino Coast, © Steve Greenwood
Page 3 and page 6: Sunburst anemone, Anthopleura sola, Santa Barbara Island
Page 4: Giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, San Clemente Island
Page 5: Dr. Sylvia Earle examining a sea hare, Aplysia californica, in a Southern California kelp forest. Courtesy of Sylvia Earle
Page 7: Giant kelp forest, Macrocystis pyrifera, featuring brown gorgonian, Muricea fruticosa, Pyramid Cove, San Clemente Island
Page 8: A breaking wave, The Wedge, Newport Beach, © Phillip Colla / OceanLight.com
Page 10: Calico bass (kelp bass), Paralabrix clathratus, Santa Catalina Island, © Matthew Meier / MatthewMeierPhoto.com
Page 11: Aerial view of Point Conception © RichReidPhotography.com
Page 12: California least terns, Sterna antillarum browni, Huntington Beach State Park, © Hal Beral / V & W / SeaPics.com
Page 13: Shore crabs, Pachygrapsus crassipes, Point Loma, San Diego, © Matthew Meier / MatthewMeierPhoto.com
Page 14: Southern sea otters, Enhydra lutris, Moss Landing, CA, © Phillip Colla / OceanLight.com
Page 15: Sunset along Coastline, Goleta, near UCSB, © Lixin Huang.
Page 16: Pacific white-sided dolphins, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, San Diego, © Doug Perrine / SeaPics.com
Page 17: Surfers silhouetted by sunset, La Jolla, © AnthonyGhiglia.com
Page 18: Large jelly, Chrysaora sp., Southern California, © Mark Conlin
Page 19: Kelp rockfish, Sebastes atrovirens, San Miguel Island, © Jessie Altstatt / Jessie.altstatt@gmail.com
Page 20: Treefish, Sebastes serriceps, Indian Rock, Catalina Island
Page 21: Great egret, Ardea alba, and surfer, Santa Barbara, © RichReidPhotography.com
Page 22: Aerial view of Carpinteria, © AnthonyGhiglia.com
Page 23: Upper: Great blue heron, Ardea herodias, Goleta Slough, © Callie Bowdish / CallieBowdish.com; Lower: Kelp crab, Pugettia richii, Santa Cruz Island
Page 24: Family kayaking in a salt marsh, Jalama Beach Park, Santa Barbara County, © RichReidPhotography.com
Page 25: Navanax inermis, Santa Cruz Island
Page 26: Harbor seals, Phoca vitulina richardsi, La Jolla, © Phillip Colla / OceanLight.com
Page 27: Black skimmer, rynchops niger, San Diego Bay National Wildlife Refuge, © Phillip Colla / OceanLight.com
Page 28: “Group among the tide pools,” undated, © Museum of Ventura County
Page 29: Top: “Marguerite Welton, with large black fish caught off Pt. Mugu, 1937,” © Museum of Ventura County; Bottom: Oil wells along the shore at Summerland, circa 1900, Courtesy of University of Southern California, on behalf of the USC Libraries Special Collections
Page 30: Brown pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis, La Jolla, © Phillip Colla / OceanLight.com
Page 31: Point Dume, © Samantha Butler
Page 32: Delonovolva aequalis laying eggs on red gorgonian, Lophogorgia chilensis, Anacapa Island, © Phillip Colla / OceanLight.com
Page 33: California bat ray, Myliobatis californica, in kelp Macrocystis pyrifera, Santa Barbara Island, © Phillip Colla / OceanLight.com
Page 34: Crevice kelpfish, Gibbonsia montereyensis, Anacapa Island
Page 35: Left: Pelagic red crab, Pleuroncodes planipes, San Diego, © Phillip Colla / OceanLight.com;
Right: Mother and child on beach blanketed by tuna crabs, Pleuroncodes planipes, Ocean Beach, © Phillip Colla / OceanLight.com
Page 36: Lighthouse at Point Vicente with view of Catalina Island, © Richard Wong / www.rwongphoto.com
Page 37: Boy on the beach, © Fabricio Braga
Page 38: Octopus bimaculatus, Santa Cruz Island, © Matthew Meier / MatthewMeierPhoto.com
Page 39: Red urchin, Strogylocentrotus franciscanus, San Clemente Island, © Derek Tarr / wildoceanphoto.com
Page 40: Spiny lobsters, Panulirus interruptus, with red abalone Haliotis rufescens, San Clemente Island, © Phillip Colla / OceanLight.com
Page 41: Spanish shawl nudibranch, Flabellina iodinea, near Cortes Banks, off San Diego coast
Page 42: Canned sardines and tuna, 1918, © San Diego Historical Society
Page 43: Left: Unloading a boatload of sardines in 1918, Sardinops sagax, © Security Pacific Collection / Los Angeles Public Library; Right: At work in a San Pedro tuna cannery, 1926, © San Diego Historical Society
Page 44: California moray eel, Gymnothorax mordax, and cleaner shrimp, probably Lysmata californica, San Clemente Island
Page 45: Tidepools at sunset, Crystal Cove State Park, Orange County, © Christian Kiely/ christiankiely.com
Page 46: Top Left: Ochre star, Pisaster ochraceus, in surf grass, Phyllospadix scouleri, Leo Carillo State Beach, © Gregory Han / typefiend@gmail.com; Top Right: Surfgrass, Phyllospadix scouleri, San Clemente Island, © Phillip Colla / OceanLight.com; Lower Left: Palm kelp, Pterygophora californica, and surf grass, San Clemente Island, © Randy Morse / GoldenStateImages.com; Lower Right: School of unidentified fish over surf grass, Phyllospadix scouleri, © Scott Gietler / www.scottgietler.com
Page 47: Nesting garibaldi, Hypsypops rubicundus, Catalina Island
Page 48: Common dolphins, Delphinus delphis, San Pedro Channel, © Fotolen
Page 49: A blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus, thrills passengers on the Sea Explorer, © Capt Dave Anderson / www.dolphinsafari.com
Page 50: Coronado bridge over San Diego Bay, © Phillip Colla / OceanLight.com
Page 51: Leopard shark, Squalus acanthias, La Jolla Cove, © AnthonyGhiglia.com
Page 52: A couple explore tidepools at sunset, La Jolla, © Randy Morse /GoldenStateImages.com
Page 53: California sea lions, Zalophus californianus, San Clemente Island, © Phillip Colla / OceanLight.com
Page 54: Common squid, Loligo opalescens, La Jolla, © Phillip Colla / OceanLight.com
Page 55: Top Left: Sunset at the Scripps Pier, La Jolla © Patrick Smith Photography; Top Right: Strawberry a­nemones, Corynactis californica, Wilson’s Rock off San Miguel Island; Lower Left: Grunion, Leuresthes tenuis, La Jolla Shores, © Matthew Meier / MatthewMeierPhoto.com; Lower Right: Rainbow star, Orthasterias koehleri, Big Sur coast
Page 56: Surfers and godwits, Torrey Pines State Park, © Richard Herrmann / SeaPics.com
Page 57: Nudibranch, Janolus barbarensis, on the intentionally sunken Yukon, “Wreck Alley” off San Diego, © Derek Tarr / wildoceanphoto.com
Page 58: Father and son with abablone, probably red abalone Haliotis rufescens, La Jolla, CA 1955, © San Diego Historical Society
Page 59: Top Left: California spiny lobsters, Panulirus interruptus, carpet the beach probably about 25 miles south of San Diego, 1915, © San Diego Historical Society; Top Right: Men with four blue-fin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, San Diego, © San Diego Historical Society; Center: Catch of albacore by Imperial Valley farmers, Thunnus alalunga, Imperial Beach, September 2, 1909, © San Diego Historical Society; Lower Right: Four giant black sea bass, Stereolepis gigas, Hotel del Coronado, San Diego, 1905, © San Diego Historical Society
Page 60: Aerial view of Anacapa Island, © John Wiley / www.flickr.com/jw4pix/
Page 61: Ocean sun fish, Mola mola, San Diego, © Masa Ushioda / SeaPics.com
Page 62: Oil rig creates marine habitat, Santa Barbara channel, © Alan Studley
Page 63: Top: Horn shark, Heterodontus francisci, Indian Rock, Catalina Island; Bottom: Swell shark egg case (mermaid’s purse), Cephaloscyllium ventriosum, Santa Cruz Island
Page 64: Blue sharks, Prionace glauca, feeding probably on northern anchovies, Engraulis mordax, San Diego, © Richard Herrmann / SeaPics.com
Page 65: Purple sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and garibaldi, Hypsypops rubicundus, Santa Barbara Island, © Ken Kasuga
Page 66: Hydromedusa, probably Mitrocoma cellularia, with commensal shrimp, San Diego, © Phillip Colla / OceanLight.com
Page 67: Spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus, Santa Barbara Island
Page 68: Sheephead, Semicossyphus pulcher, San Clemente Island
Page 69: Juvenile gray whale, Eschrichtius robustus, southern Channel Islands, © Bob Cranston / SeaPics.com
Page 70: Juvenile vermilion rockfish, Sebastes miniatus, Santa Rosa Island
Page 71: Large pebble crab, Cycloxanthops novemdentatus, in sunburst anemone, Anthopleura sola, Santa Barbara Island
Page 72: Ring salps, Cyclosalpa affinis, and diver, San Diego, © Phillip Colla / OceanLight.com
Page 73: Garibaldi, Hypsypops rubicundus, in a kelp forest, Santa Barbara Island
Page 74: Aerial view of two harbors on Santa Catalina Island, © John McCall
Page 75: Pacific bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, in front of Santa Catalina Island, © Fotolen
Page 76: Purple hydrocoral, Stylaster californicus, Farnsworth Banks, off Catalina Island
Page 77: Purple hydrocoral, Stylaster californicus, west end of San Clemente Island
Page 78: School of jack mackerel, Trachurus symmetricus, San Clemente Island
Page 79: Giant black sea bass, Stereolepis gigas, Santa Barbara / Sutil Islands
Page 80: Women at Cat Harbor, © Security Pacific Collection / Los Angeles Public Library
Page 81: Top: Five-ton catch of albacore, Thunnus alalunga, Santa Catalina Island, 1902 © Catalina Museum; Lower Left: “A day’s catch of yellowfin tuna, ca. 1910,”  Santa Catalina Island, Thunnus albacares © Pat Hathaway / CAviews.com; Lower Right: Child with a striped marlin, Tetrapturus audax, Courtesy of University of Southern California, on behalf of the USC Libraries Special Collections.
Page 82: Sunset, Pyramid Point at San Clemente Island taken aboard the Vision
Page 83: Top: Zebra goby, Lythrypnus zebra, San Clemente Island; Bottom: Blue-banded goby, Lythrypnus dalli, San Clemente Island
Page 84: Giant kelp forest, Macrocystis pyrifera, San Clemente Island
Page 85: Dense school of jack mackerel, Trachurus symmetricus, San Clemente Island
Page 86: Blue shark, Prionace glauca, and North Pacific yellowtail, Seriola lalandi, San Diego, © Phillip Colla / OceanLight.com
Page 87: Diving humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae, Monterey, © James D. Watt / SeaPics.com
Page 88: See photo notes for pages 91, 94, 96, 98, 100, and 101
Page 90: Top: Juvenile treefish, Sebastes serriceps, in front of strawberry anemones, Corynactis californica, Santa Cruz Island; Bottom: Festive nudibranch, Tritonia festiva, Santa Cruz Island, © Brian Gross
Page 91: Low tide in La Jolla, © Meagan Wylie
Page 92: Proliferating anemones, Epiactis prolifera, and kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, Point Loma kelp beds, San Diego, © Miriam C. Goldstein
Page 93: Seascape with female sheephead, Semicossyphus pulcher, brown gorgonians, Muricea fruticosa, and red gorgonians, Lophogorgia chilensis, San Clemente Island
Page 94: Left: Sunflower star, Pycnopodia helianthoides, climbing kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, Point Lobos; Top Right: Tip of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, San Clemente Island; Lower Right: Gold-and-purple-ringed top snail, Calliostoma annulatum, clings to a kelp blade, Macrocystis pyrifera, Point Lobos
Page 95: Giant kelpfish, Heterostichus rostratus, in kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, San Clemente Island
Page 96: Pinnacle with giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, and strawberry anemones, Corynactis californica, Santa Rosa Island
Page 97: Top Left: Giant black sea bass, Stereolepis gigas, Farnsworth Banks, off Catalina Island; Lower Left: Blood star, Henricia leviuscula, in purple hydrocoral, Stylaster californicus, Santa Barbara Island; Right: Torpedo ray, Torpedo californica, over red gorgonian, Lophogorgia chilensis, © Jim Patterson
Page 98: Left: Xantus swimming crab, Portunus xantusii, and eccentric sand dollars, Dendraster excentricus, La Jolla Ecological Reserve, © Matthew Meier / MatthewMeierPhoto.com; Right: Tube anemone, Pachycerianthus fimbriatus, San Clemente Island
Page 99: Top: Spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus, and squid eggs, Loligo opalescens, La Jolla, © Phillip Colla / OceanLight.com; Bottom: Roughback sculpin, Chitonotus pugetensis, in a bed of eccentric sand dollars, Dendraster excentricus, San Diego, © Derek Tarr / wildoceanphoto.com
Page 100: Divers ascending between rocks, San Clemente Island
Page 101: San Elijo Lagoon, San Diego, © Randy Morse / GoldenStateImages.com
Page 102: School of bat rays, Myliobatis californica, San Clemente Island, © Howard Hall / Seapics.com
Page 103, 106-107 and 112: Background photo, school of jack mackerel, Trachurus symmetricus, San Clemente Island
Pages 104-105: Background photo, giant kelp close up, Macrocystis pyrifera, San Clemente Island
Page 108-109: Background photo, dozens of cleaner shrimp, probably Lysmata californica, San Clemente Island
Page 110-111: Background photo, purple hydrocoral, Stylaster californicus, pinnacle off San Clemente Island

 

1 “Shifting baselines” is the name given to the generational re-definition of what is “natural.” The term was coined by marine biologist Dr. Daniel Pauly and applied to the ecology of kelp forests by Dr. Paul Dayton. Pauly, D. 1995. “Anecdotes and the shifting baseline syndrome of fisheries.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 10(10):430.
2 The federal government first set aside land specifically for preservation and public use in 1864 when President Abraham Lincoln signed a bill deeding Yosemite to the state of California in 1864. Yellowstone became the first National Park in 1872, Yosemite received the same status in 1890. Click for a history of Yosemite and Yellowstone (Accessed June 28, 2009).
3 The Marine Life Protection Act was passed in 1999, statewide implementation is scheduled to finish in 2011. For current information, see: www.dfg.ca.gov/mlpa/
4 The Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans, 2007. The Science of Marine Reserves, Second Edition. United States.
For a conservation perspective, visit: caloceans.org
5 The south central coast was the first of four sections of California’s shoreline to be mapped under MLPA. A network of reserves and other protected areas was enacted there in 2007. Excellent information on the locations and regulations are online at: www.dfg.ca.gov/mlpa/centralcoast.asp
6 For the current status of Southern California’s network of marine protected areas, see: www.dfg.ca.gov/mlpa/southcoast.asp
7 Halpern, Benjamin S., Robert R. Warner, July 17, 2003. “Matching Marine Reserve Design to Reserve Objectives.” Proceedings of the Royal Society. (Accessed June 22, 2009).
8 Sobel, Jack and Craig Dahlgren, 2004. Marine Reserves: A Guide to Science, Design, and Use. Washington: Island Press, 128-163.

1 National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “Ocean Facts: Over half of the American population lives within 50 miles of the coast.” January 13, 2009, (Accessed June 12, 2009).
2 BeachCalifornia.com, “Santa Barbara County California Cities Population.” n.d., (Accessed March 15, 2009).
3 Stewart, Ethan, “Nevermore or Never Better?” Santa Barbara Independent, April 20, 2006.
4 The Central Coast portion of the state-wide network of marine reserves and other marine protected areas mandated by the 1999 Marine Life Protection Act became effective September 21, 2007.
5 Sierra Club, “The Great Coastal Places Campaign: The Gaviota Coast.” n.d., (Accessed March 23, 2009).
6 On February 18, 2009 the California Fish and Game Commission voted to remove the brown pelican from the state’s endangered species list. “Are California brown pelicans endangered? Fish and Game Commission says no (and it wants them off the list).” Los Angeles Times, February 18, 2009,
7 Gaviota Coast Conservancy, “Marine Ecosystem.” n.d., (Accessed Feb. 25, 2009).
8 Naples Coalition, 2006. “Naples Overview.” 2006, (Accessed Feb. 17, 2009).
9 Gaviota Coast Conservancy, “Marine Ecosystem.”
10, 11 Mohle, Robert, 1998. Adventure Kayaking: Trips from Big Sur to San Diego. Berkeley, CA: Wilderness Press, 78.
12 Hatfield, Brian and Tim Tinker, “U.S.G.S. - Western Ecological Research Center, Santa Cruz Field Station Spring 2008 Mainland California Sea Otter Survey Results.” June 24, 2008, (Accessed June 22, 2009).
13 Altstatt, Jessie (Science Director, Santa Barbara Channelkeeper) Email the author, June 23, 2009.
14 Sheckler, Dale, January 07, 2006. “Naples Reef” California Diving News. (Accessed June 29, 2009).
15, 16 References to studies conducted at Naples Reef date to at least 1981. See: Dailey, Murray D., Donald J. Reish, and Jack W. Anderson, eds., 1993. Ecology of the Southern California Bight: A Synthesis and Interpretation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 346.

1 National Audubon Society, “Important Bird Areas in the U.S., Site Profile: Goleta Coast.” 2009, (Accessed May 25, 2009).
2 University of California Natural Reserve System, “Coal Oil Point Natural Reserve.” n.d., (Accessed Feb 17, 2009).
3 Ibid, and “Rare vertebrate species at COPR” 2001, (Accessed June 29, 2009).
4 Hatfield and Tinker, “Sea Otter Survey Results.” (note 12, above)
5 Altstatt email. (note 13, above)

1 California Natural Resources Agency, “California’s Coastal Wetlands.” n.d., (Accessed June 27, 2009).
2, 3 Land Trust for Santa Barbara County, “A Natural Treasure Restored and Protected.” n.d., (Accessed March 20, 2009).
4 UC Natural Reserve System, “Carpinteria Salt Marsh Reserve.” n.d., (Accessed March 20, 2009).
5 Land Trust for S.B. County, “Natural Treasure.”
6 Roberts, Matt (City of Carpinteria Parks and Recreation Director) telephone interview with the author, June 30, 2009.
7 Barsky, Kristine and Steve Barsky, 2000. California Lobster Diving. Ventura, CA: Hammerhead Press. 72.
8, 9 Roberts interview. (note 6, above)
10 California State Parks. Carpinteria State Beach. n.d., (Accessed March 20, 2009).
11 Roberts interview. (note 6, above)
12 Hastings, Karen. 2008. Insiders’ Guide to Santa Barbara. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press. 290.
13, 14, 15 Roberts interview. (note 6, above)

1 Clark, Frances N., Anita E. Daughtery. 1950. State of California, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Fish and Game Bureau, Fish Bulletin No. 76, Average Lunar Month Catch by California Sardine Fishermen 1932-33 Through 1948-49. 26.
2 At 50,000 lbs per load, the catch would fill 28,949 trucks, or 3.3 trucks per hour, ­all year long.
3 Barlow, Zeke, “Gigantic lobster avoids the steam pot: Diver’s lucky Santa Rosa Island catch given to aquarium.” Ventura County Star, March 26, 2009.
4 Clik for one image of five men dwarfed by a pile of abalone shells. (Accessed June 22, 2009).
5 A photo of a successful skin dive for lobster and abalone, just south of Summerland, can be seen at: www.legendarysurfers.com/surf/images/index.shtml (About halfway down, accessed June 22, 2009).
6 Mathis, S. J., “The Lone Woman of San Nicolas” Los Angeles Times, Jan 8, 1899, B11.
7 Cox, Keith W, 1962. “California Abalones, Family Haliotidae.” Fish Bulletin: 118. 84, 88.
8 Lundy, A. L. “Scrap,” 1997. The California Abalone Industry: A Pictorial History, Flagstaff, AZ: Best Publishing Co. 170.
10 Ibid, 163-166, 173-174.
11 Ibid, 173.
12 Knudson, Tom, and Nancy Vogel. “Secret Slaughter by Poachers Takes Huge Toll of Wildlife.” Sacramento Bee, December 24, 1996, A1.
13 California Department of Fish and Game, “History and Socio-economics of the Fishery.” Abalone Recovery and Management Plan, Dec 9, 2005. (Accessed 15 June, 2009).
14 NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, (at top, accessed June 30, 2009).
15 NOAA National Marine Sanctuaries, “Sanctuary Integrated Monitoring Network.” n.d. (Accessed June 30, 2009).
16 Giant black sea bass have been fully protected from take in California since 1982 and in Mexico since 1992. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) listed them as “Critically Endangered” in 1996. See: www.iucnredlist.org/details/20795/0/full (Accessed June 28, 2009).
17 Panetta, Leon E., May 2003. Pew Oceans Commission, "Charting a Course for Sea Change: A Report to the Nation, Recommendations for a New Ocean Policy." (Accessed June 25, 2009).
18 U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, 2004. An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century, Final Report. 2004. (Accessed June 24, 2009).
19 Redpath, Lionel V., 1900. Petroleum in California: A Concise and Reliable History of the Oil Industry. Los Angeles: University of Michigan. 79.
20 Clarke, K. C. and Jeffrey J. Hemphill, 2002. “The Santa Barbabra Oil Spill, A Retrospective.” Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers. University of Hawai’i Press 64: 157-162. (Accessed June 18, 2009).
21 Marine Affairs Research and Education, February, 2005. “Assessing Tsunami Damage to Indian Ocean MPAs: Efforts Underway to Find Answers Amid Chaos.” MPA News 6(7): 3. (Accessed June 27, 2009).

1 The total tourism-related GDP in 2007 for the five coastal So. Cal. Counties was just over 41 billion dollars. Data from the National Ocean Economics Program (Accessed June 16, 2009).
2 California State Parks, “Leo Carillo State Park”. 2002/Rev. 2008, (Accessed March 16, 2009).
3 EcoDiveCenter.com, “Dive Site: Leo Carillo, Malibu, LA County, California.” n.d., (Accessed Mar 20, 2009).
4 Cal Coast Divers.com, “Nicolas Canyon/Zero’s.” n.d., www.calcoastdivers.com/DiveLocations/nicholas.html (Accessed Mar 17, 2009).
5 EcoDiveCenter.com, “Dive Site: Point Dume Pinnacles, Malibu, LA County, California.” n.d., (Accessed February 20, 2009).
6 California State Parks, “Point Dume State Beach and Natural Preserve.” n.d., (Accessed March 15, 2009).
7, 8 EcoDiveCenter.com, “Point Dume Pinnacles.”
9 Cal Coast Divers.com, “Location: Point Dume.” n.d., www.calcoastdivers.com/DiveLocations/PointDume.html (Accessed July 14, 2009).
10 EcoDiveCenter.com, “Point Dume Pinnacles.”
11 Malibu Coastal Vision, Inc., 2008. Malibu Yesterday Today and Tomorrow. 56. (Accessed June 27, 2009).
12 Boyd. Carl M. 1967. “The benthic and pelagic habitats of the red crab, Pleuroncodes planipes.” Pacific Science. 21. (Accessed June 24, 2009).

1 PalosVerdes.com, “Sights of Palos Verdes. Point Verde Lighthouse.” n.d., (Accessed March 18, 2009).
2 Bacallao, José (Senior Aquarist, Santa Monica Pier Aquarium) phone conversation with the author, June 26, 2009 and Altstatt email.
3 EcoDiveCenter.com, “Dive Site: Flat Rock, Palos Verdes, LA County, California.” 2004-2009, (Accessed May 23, 2009).
4 Weyden, Van, n.d. “Bluff Cove - Palos Verdes Cove Surf Spot.” Los Angeles Times. (Accessed May 23, 2009).
5 Sheckler, Kim, “Redondo Submarine Canyon.” California Diving News, August 09, 2004.
6 Bacallao, José, phone conversation with the author, June 26, 2009.
7 State of California Fish and Game Commission, Fish Bulletin No. 1, 1913.
8 Federal Register. Jan 14, 2009. 74(9). (Accessed June 22, 2009).
9, 10 California Department of Fish and Game, “Descriptions and Preliminary Evaluations, Los Angeles County, Pt. Fermin State Marine Park.” December 2004,
(Accessed March 15, 2009).
11 Bacallao, José, phone conversation with the author, June 26, 2009.
12 California Department of Fish and Game, “Descriptions and Preliminary Evaluations.”

1 Los Angeles Maritime Museum, “Caught, Canned, Eaten: The History of San Pedro’s Fishing and Canning Industry.” 1999-2008. (Accessed June 10, 2009).
2 Ries, Ed, 2007. Tales of the Golden Years of California Ocean Fishing: 1900-1950. Laguna Hills, CA: Monterey Publications. 127.
3 California Department of Finance. “20th Century Industry.” n.d., (Accessed June 10, 2009).
4 Fulmer, Melinda, “It’s the End of the Line for L.A. Harbor’s Chicken of the Sea Canning Operation.” Los Angeles Times, August 2, 2001. (Accessed June 29, 2009).
5, 6, 7 Ries, Tales of the Golden Years. 127.
8 Radovich, John, 1982. “The Collapse of the California Sardine Fishery: What have we Learned?” CalCOFI. 23:56-78. (Accessed June 10, 2009).
9 Hirsch, Jerry, “Thai Firm Takes Control of Chicken of the Sea Brand.” Los Angeles Times, December 27, 2000. (Accessed June 29, 2009).
10 Fulmer, Melinda, “End of the Line.”
11 Hirsch, Jerry, “Thai Firm Takes Control.”
12 Fulmer, Melinda, “End of the Line.”

1 TheBeachCities.com, “Dana Point, CA.” 2008, (Accessed April 13, 2009).
2 Dana, Richard Henry Jr., 2007. Two Years Before The Mast: A Personal Narrative. Dover: Library of America.
3 Serpa, Jim, “Nature Notes.” 1999, (Accessed July 14, 2009. Supervising Ranger Serpa has posted numerous entertaining stories about encounters with most of these species. See also www.dohenystatebeach.org/ip-tidepoolprepack.htm).
4 California State Parks, “Crystal Cove State Park.” 2007, (Accessed March 27, 2009).
5 California Department of Fish and Game, “Descriptions and Preliminary Evaluations: Orange County,” n.d., (Accessed February 20, 2009).
6 McArdale, Deborah A., 1997. California Marine Protected Areas. California Sea Grant Systems. 204-231.
7 PISCO, The Science of Marine Reserves.
(see page 106, column 1, note 4)

1 The City of San Diego, Homepage. 2002-2009, (Accessed June 10, 2009).
2 Friends of “The Map,” “Interpretive Map of the La Jolla Shores Underwater Park and Ecological Reserve: Benefit of The Map” n.d., (Accessed May 23, 2009).
3 A mating aggregation of at least a dozen black sea bass was documented by underwater videographer Roger Bly in August, 2006. See: www.rogerbly.com/video/gsb/giant-sea-bass.html
4 Fishing for giant black sea bass from piers and boats was popular for decades. (See Reis, Golden Years, 66-67) In the 1950s and 60s, divers sought them with spears. In 1982 the State of California banned fishing for them. See www.dfg.ca.gov/mlpa/response/giant_seabass.pdf
5 Snyderman, Marty, “Invasion of the Cephalopods.” n.d., Dive Training, (Accessed April 2, 2009).
6 Early work on kelp forest biology and ecology was conducted in Point Loma by Jay Quast, Conrad Limbaugh, Wheeler North, and scientists from Scripps Institute of Oceanography including James Stewart.
7 San Diego Unified Port District, “The Big Bay: Parks and Wildlife.” 2009, (Accessed May 23, 2009).
8 Unified Port of San Diego, “Endangered Eastern Pacific Green Sea Turtles.” 2009, (Accessed May 30, 2009).
9 Sea World, “San Diego Wetlands.” 2002, (Accessed May 23, 2009).
10 McArdale, Deborah A., 1997. California Marine Protected Areas. California Sea Grant Systems. 248.
11 Ibid., 236-247.
12 Price, Rebecca. “Zalophus californianus: California Sea Lion.” Animal Diviersity Web, 1995-2008, (Accessed June 24, 2009).

1 Serra, Fr. Junipero. Sep. 9, 1774. Letter from Mission San Diego to Viceroy Don Antonio Maria Bucareli y Ursúa. The Journal of San Diego History. 1967: 13(3). (Accessed June 10, 2009). The fish Father Serra described may have been something other than sardines. There are several small, silvery species of fish native to the area and sardines spawn offshore.
2 Students of The Gary and Jerri-Ann Jacobs High Tech High, 2007. San Diego Bay A Story of Exploitation and Restoration. High Tech High School. 49.
3 Estes, Don, 1977. Kondo Masaharu And The Best Of All Fisherman [sic]: quoting an Interview with Inouye Yahachiro [also known as Luis Inouye], Ensenada, Baja California, August 24, 1973. The Journal of San Diego History, 23(3). (Accessed Jun 10, 2009).
4 Ries, Tales of the Golden Years. 61.
5 Bonarno, Alessandro and Douglas Constance, 1996. Caught in the Net: The Global Tuna Industry, Environment, and the State. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, and Rockland, Steven, 1976. An Analysis of the San Diego Tuna Industry and its Impact on the Local Economy. Master’s Thesis, San Diego State University, both referenced in Students of High Tech High, San Diego Bay. 90.
6 Ries, Tales of the Golden Years. 50.
7 Ibid., 66.
8 Pondella, D. J., II and L. G. Allen, 2008. “The decline and return of four predatory fishes in the Southern California Bight.” Marine Biology 154: 307-313.
9 Dept. of Fish and Game, Abalone Recovery and Management Plan. (see page 107, col. 2, note 13)
10 White and black abalone are listed as endangered under the Endangered Species act; red, pink, and green abalone are all considered “species of concern” in Southern California.
11 Students of High Tech High, San Diego Bay. 95.

1 Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. About the Sanctuary, December 17, 2008. (Accessed April 3, 2009).
2 National Marine Sanctuaries, “Photo Gallery: Channel Islands.” August 2, 2000. (Accessed May 21, 2009).
3 Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary, “Sanctuary Information.” October 9, 2008, (Accessed April 5, 2009).
4 Truth Aquatics, “Your Gateway to the Santa Barbara Channel Islands: Santa Rosa Island.” n.d., (Accessed April 3, 2009).
5 Airamé, S. and J. Ugoretz (Eds.), 2008. California Department of Fish and Game, Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans, Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary, and Channel Islands National Park. Channel Islands Marine Protected Areas: First 5 Years of Monitoring: 2003-2008, 3. (Accessed June 15, 2009).
6 Truth Aquatics, “Your Gateway to the Santa Barbara Channel Islands: San Miguel Island.” n.d., (Accessed April 3, 2009).
7 National Park Service, “Channel Islands National Park.” February 18, 2008, (Accessed April 13, 2009).
8 Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary, “About the Sanctuary.” 17 December 2008, (Accessed April 17, 2009).
9 Airamé and Ugoretz (Eds.), First 5 Years of Monitoring. 3, 24. (5 above)
10 Ibid., 13.
11 Ibid., 8.
12 “Big Old Fat Fecund Female Fish: The BOFFFF Hypothesis and what it means for MPAs and Fish Management.” MPA News 9(3), Sep 2007,
and Science Blog, “Big, Old fish key to Restoring Ground Stocks.” 2005, (Both accessed June 24, 2009).
13 The “spillover” effect is among the most debated aspects of marine protected areas, but there are many references that discuss it, and data suggesting that it has occurred is growing. A good explanation is found in: Fogarty, Michael J. and Steven A. Murawski, “Do Marine Protected Areas Really Work?” Oceanus, February 1, 2005. (Accessed June 27, 2009).
14 Airamé and Ugoretz (Eds.), First 5 Years of Monitoring. (5 above)
15 Barlow, “Gigantic lobster.” (see p107, col 1, 3)

1 Benavides, Steve, Personal Communication, June 2009.
2 Benavides, Steve. “Dive Spot Feature: East Whistle Buoy-San Nicolas Island.” California Diving News, March 1992. 8.
3 Grossman, Chris, “Ocean Safari trip to San Nicolas Island & Santa Barbara Island aboard the Great Escape August 20-21, 2005.” CaliforniaDiveBoats.com, (Accessed June 27, 2009).
4 Engle, Jack, Letter to MLPA Blue Ribbon Task Force, January 16, 2009. (Accessed June 27, 2009)
5 Grossman, “Trip to San Nicolas.” (3 above)
6 Benavides, Steve, Personal Communication, June 2009.
7 Chambers, M.D., G.R. VanBlaricom, L. Hauser, F. Utter, and C.S. Friedman, 2006. Genetic structure of black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii) populations in the California islands and central California coast: Impacts of larval dispersal and decimation from withering syndrome. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 331:173-185.
8 BeachCalifornia.com, “San Nicolas Island California.” n.d., (Accessed March 30, 2009).
9 Airamé, Satie. “Draft Evaluation of Ecological Contributions of Pending Military Closures.” May 15, 2009, (Accessed June 24, 2009).
10 Gwinn, Carl. Telephone interview with the author, April 18, 2009. Gwinn compares the life blanketing parts of Begg Rock to similarly isolated substrate found on the supports of oil platforms.
11 Jobin, Elaine, July 23, 2004. “Trip Report: Begg Rock and Santa Barbara Island.” n.d., (Accessed April 6, 2009).
12 Sea Divers, “Greater Escape!” n.d., (Accessed April 6, 2009).

1 Catalina Island Chamber of Commerce, “Island Life: Historic Timeline.” n.d., (Accessed April 9, 2009).
2 Catalina Realtors Inc., “City of Avalon.” 2009, (Accessed April 9, 2009).
3 Horizon Charters, “Horizon Destination: Farnsworth Bank.” n.d., (Accessed April 3, 2009).
4 Aizawa, Kaz, “Farnsworth Bank.” Artdive, August 18 2007, (Accessed April 3, 2009).
5, 6 Kolpas, Norman, “Catalina Island: Scuba diving.” n.d., (Accessed April 3, 2009).
7 Horizon Charters, “Horizon Destination: Farnsworth Bank.” n.d., (Accessed April 3, 2009).
8 Griffin, Gil, October 31, 2008. “Santa Catalina Island.” California Scuba Diving Magazine, (Accessed April 7, 2009).
9 Catalina Island Chamber of Commerce, “Glass Bottom Boat Tours.” n.d., (Accessed July 7, 2009).
10 Santa Catalina Island Company, “Fishing.” n.d., (Accessed April 7, 2009).
11 USC Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies. “Wrigley Marine Science Center.” n.d., (Accessed April 7, 2009).
12 USC Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies, “Wrigley Marine Science Center: Get Involved.” n.d., (Accessed April 7, 2009).

1. 2. 3 Farrior, Michael, “History of the Catalina Island Tuna Club.” n.d., (Accessed Jun 15, 2009).
4 Ries, Tales of the Golden Years. 53. For a list of Holder’s writings click here. (Accessed June 28, 2009).
5, 6 Edwards, Charles Lincoln PhD., 1913. The Abalone Industry in California. State of California Fish and Game Commission, Fish Bulletin No. 1, 1913, (Accessed 15 June, 2009).
7 Take of abalone south of the Golden Gate was banned in 1997. Since 2006 years a proposal to re-open the fishery on the only stable population of abalone in Southern California has been debated. See: California Department of Fish and Game, Marine Region, December 2004. Annual Status of the Fisheries Report Through 2003. Report to the Fish and Game Commission as directed by the Marine Life Management Act of 1998. 2-3, 8-11. and “DFG Seeks Members for Advisory Group on Potential Abalone Fisheries,” April 2006. and Bland, Alastair, “Diving for Delicacies and Dollars.” Santa Barbara Independent, June 26, 2008.
(All accessed June 27, 2009).
8 Bennet, Allen M., 1913. “The Problem of the Spiny Lobster (Panulirus interruptus).” State of California Fish and Game Commission, Fish Bulletin No. 1, 1913, (Accessed 15 June, 2009).
9 Holder, C.F., 1914. “Attempts to Protect the Sea Fisheries of Southern California.” California Fisheries Laboratory. Contribution No. 157. California Fish and Game 1(1): 9-19.
10, 11 McArdle, Deborah A., 2004. California Marine Protected Areas Past and Present. La Jolla: University of California. 4. (Accessed June 15, 2009).
12 Ries, Tales of the Golden Years. 51.

1 This description is a composite of sights from many dives by the author in the vicinity of Pyramid Point over a period of 15 years.
2 Observations of the author in the course of 15 years of diving around San Clemente Island.
3 U.S. Navy, December 2008. “San Clemente Island Fact Sheet,” Southern California Range Complex Environmental Impact Statement, (Accessed April 7, 2009).
4, 5, 6 U.S. Navy, “Conservation Programs on San Clemente Island Fact Sheet,” n.d., SoCal Range Complex EIS, (Accessed March 27, 2009).
7 All observed by the author at San Clemente.
8 Marine Life Protection Act Initiative. Science Advisory Team Analysis of Military Use Areas in the South Coast, February 26, 2009, (Accessed June 15, 2009).
9 U.S. Navy, “Conservation Programs on San Clemente.” (see note 4 above)
10 U.S. Navy, “Threatened and Endangered Species on San Clemente Island Fact Sheet.” n.d., SoCal Range Complex EIS, (Accessed March 27, 2009).
11 Sierra Club, “Great Coastal Places.” (See page 106, column 2, note 5.)
12 U.S. Navy, “Threatened and Endangered Species on San Clemente Island Fact Sheet.” n.d., SoCal Range Complex EIS, (Accessed March 27, 2009).
13 U.S. Navy, “Commercial and Recreational Interests Around San Clemente Island Fact Sheet.” n.d., SoCal Range Complex EIS, (Accessed April 7, 2009).
14 Horizon Charters, “Horizon Destination: San Clemente Islands.” n.d., (Accessed April 7, 2009).
15 Long, Brian, “Mothership Kayak Fishing Aboard the Islander - San Clemente Island.” n.d., (Accessed April 7, 2009).
16 Benavides, Steve, Personal Communication, June 2009.
17 U.S. Navy, “Commercial and Recreational Interests.” (13 above).
18 MLPA Initiative, Analysis of Military Use Areas. (8 above).

1 The last sea otter in Mendocino and Sonoma Counties was probably killed by 1840. Two historical summaries are: Watrous, Stephen, 2001. Fort Ross. Jenner, CA: Fort Ross Interpretive Association excerpt and “History of Russian Settlement at Fort Ross, California.” n.d., (Both accessed June 15, 2009).
2 United States Geological Survey, “Sea Otter Studies at Western Ecological Research Center.” n.d., (Accessed June 1, 2009).
3 “Fishing down the food chain” is a phrase coined by marine scientist Daniel Pauly, for an introduction to this concept see: Sea Web, “Fishing Down the Food Web.” 2001-2009, (Accessed June 25, 2009).
4 Sea Grant California, “Sport Fishing Hammering Large Male Sheephead.” 2009, (Accessed June 24, 2009).

1, 2, 3, 4 Orange County Marine Protected Areas Committee, “Rocky Intertidal Ecosystems.” n.d., (Accessed Feb 18, 2009).
5 Oceana, "51 Important Ecological Areas of the Central California Coast". n.d., (Accessed May 5, 2009).
6 Froeschke, John T., Larry G. Allen, Daniel J. Pondella II, August 2005. “The Reef Fish Assemblage of the Outer Los Angeles Federal Breakwater, 2002-2003.” Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences. (Accessed May 5, 2009).
7 Marine Education Society of Australasia, “Rocky Reefs.” 1999-2008, (Accessed May 5, 2009).
8 DiveBoat.com, “Southern California Deep Reef and Wreck Diving on the Great Escape Live Aboard Dive Boat.” August 28, 2001, (Accessed May 5, 2009).

1 Darwin, Charles. 1893. The Voyage of the Beagle, Ch. 11. The complete works of Darwin are available online. (Accessed June 24, 2009)
2 Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, “Ecosystems: Kelp Forests.” 26 April 2007, (Accessed Feb 11, 2009)
3 Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, “Kelp Forest & Rocky Subtidal Habitats.” Revised from 1983, (Accessed Feb 13, 2009).
4 Carmignani, Karyl, 2005. “Amber Forests of the Sea.” Blue Planet Quarterly Winter: 10.
5 California Department of Fish and Game, Marine Region, December 2004, Annual Status of the Fisheries Report Through 2003. Report to the Fish and Game Commission as directed by the Marine Life Management Act of 1998. 3. (Accessed June 25, 2009).
6 Kvitek et al. “Santa Monica Bay Nearshore Nearshore Habitat Mapping Project.” n.d., Seafloor Mapping Lab. California State University Monterey Bay. (Accessed June 25, 2009)
7 United States Geological Survey, “Sea Otter Studies” (see page 111, column 2, note 2)
8 Annual Status of the Fisheries Report Through 2003. 7-8. (5 above) Dr. John Pearse worked with Wheeler North on replanting kelp in the 1960s (phone conversation with the author, June 25, 2009). Those efforts have increased and continue today.
9 Ghelardi, R.J., 1971. "Species structure of the animal community that lives in Macrocystis pyrifera holdfasts". Nova Hedwigia 32:381-420. (Accessed June 25, 2009).
10 University of Southern California Sea Grant Program, “Help with Kelp.” n.d., (Accessed June 17, 2009).

1, 2, 3 CenSeam: A Global Census of Marine Life on Seamounts, “What is a Seamount?” n.d., (Accessed April 27, 2009).
4 CenSeam: A Global Census of Marine Life on Seamounts, “Where are seamounts found?” n.d., (Accessed April 27, 2009).
5 ICES/CIEM, “Seamounts: Hotspots of Marine Life.” 2009, (Accessed April 23, 2009).
6 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, “Seamounts may serve as refuges for deep-sea animals that struggle to survive elsewhere.”
Press Release, 11 February 2009.
7 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, “Seamounts: Hotspots of Marine Life.” 2009, (Accessed April 23, 2009).
8 CenSeam: A Global Census of Marine Life on Seamounts, “What Lives on Seamounts?” n.d., (Accessed April 29, 2009).
9 CenSeam: A Global Census of Marine Life on Seamounts, “Why Are Seamounts Important?” n.d., (Accessed April 27, 2009).
10, 11 CenSeam, “What Lives on Seamounts?” (note 8, above)

1 Office of Habitat Conservation Habitat Protection Division, “Habitat Types: Sandy bottom.” n.d., (8 April 2009).
2 California Coastal Conservancy, San Diego Association of Governments, “Ecotype: Subtidal Sand.” n.d. (Accessed June 29, 2009).
3 Office of Habitat Conservation, “Sandy bottom.” (note 1 above)
4 Thompson, Janet, Kathryn Hieb, Katie McGourty, Natalie Cosentino-Manning, Susan Wainwright-De La Cruz, Meredith Elliot and Sarah Allen, June 2007. “Habitat Type and Associated Biological Assemblages: Soft Bottom Substrate,” Report on the Subtidal Habitats and Associated Biological Taxa in San Francisco Bay, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Santa Rosa Office. 37.
5 CA Coastal Conservancy, “Ecotype: Subtidal Sand.” (2 above)
6 Thompson et al., Subtidal Habitats. 39. (4 above)
7 North Carolina department of Environment and Natural Resources, "CHPP—Soft Bottom Habitat", (Accessed April 13, 2009).
8 Snyderman, Marty, “Invasion of the Cephalopods,” Dive Training, n.d., (Accessed April 2, 2009).
9, 10 Office of Habitat Conservation, “Sandy bottom.” (1 above)
11 CA Coastal Conservancy, “Ecotype: Subtidal Sand.” (2 above)

1 Advameg, Inc, “Science Clarified: Continental Margin.” 2007, (Accessed April 16, 2009).
2 Sheckler, Dale,"Hueneme Submarine Canyon". California Diving News, August 3, 2007.
(Accessed April 8, 2009).
3, 4 Sanctuary Integrated Monitoring Network (SIMoN), “Monterey Bay Sanctuary: Submarine Canyons” February 21, 2008, (Accessed April 8, 2009).
5 Sheckler, "Hueneme Submarine Canyon".
6, 7, 8, 9 SIMoN, “Submarine Canyons.” (3 above)

1, 2 Sanctuary Integrated Monitoring Network (SIMoN), “Estuaries.” February 21, 2008, (Accessed April 16, 2009).
3 NOAA’s National Ocean Service Education, “Estuaries.” Sep. 25, 2008, (Accessed April 8, 2009).
4 Environmental Protection Agency, “Wetlands and Nature.” January 12, 2009, (Accessed April 16, 2009).
5 California Natural Resources Agency, “California’s Coastal Wetlands.” (Accessed June 27, 2009) and Carlisle, Aaron, "Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Movement and Habitat Utilization of Adult and Juvenile Leopard Sharks in Elkhorn Slough, California". Moss Landing Marine Lab. January 28, 2004. (Accessed June 27, 2009).
6 NOAA’s National Ocean Service Education, “Why are Estuaries Important? The Economy and the Environment.” March 25, 2008, (Accessed April 8, 2009).
7, 8 SIMoN, “Estuaries.” (1 above)
9, 10, 11 National Ocean Service Education, “Why are Estuaries Important?” (6 above)
12 California Natural Resources Agency, “California’s Coastal Wetlands.” (5 above)

1 The Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans. 2007. The Science of Marine Reserves, 2nd Ed. United States. Available online at: www.piscoweb.org/outreach/topics/mpa